How are photovoltaic cells used to produce electricity?

Solar power is  the cleanest, most reliable form of renewable energy .It can be used in several forms to power your home or business. Photovoltaic modules, called solar modules, are the key components used to convert sunlight into electricity. This (PV) panels convert the sun's rays into electricity by exciting electrons in silicon cells using the photons of light from the sun. Light striking the crystals induces the photovoltaic effect which generates electricity. The electricity produced is called direct current (DC) and can be used immediately or stored in a battery.

When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. An electrical circuit is formed when electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, the electrons captured in the form of an electric current -- that is, electricity. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery.

What is the principle of photovoltaic cells?

The effect due to which light energy is converted to electric energy in certain semiconductor materials is known as photovoltaic effect. This directly converts light energy to electricity without any intermediate process. The PV effect was discovered in 1954, when scientists at Bell Telephone discovered that silicon (an element found in sand) created an electric charge when exposed to sunlight.

 A photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current (DC). Some PV cells can also convert infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation into DC electricity. Large sets of PV cells can be connected together to form solar modules, arrays, or panels.

The joint between  two semiconductor is called the P-N junction. Sunlight striking the photovoltaic cell is absorbed by the cell. The energy of the absorbed light generates particles with positive or negative charge (holes and electrons), which move about or shift freely in all directions within the cell.

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